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Decarbonizing buildings with geothermal energy heat pumps 

October 20, 2023/in From the Blog /by renew

RENEW Energy Partners specializes in funding energy-saving retrofits for your commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. We install many different technologies to make your buildings more efficient and reduce your energy bill. One strategy for significant savings is upgrading your HVAC systems to use geothermal energy.

What is geothermal energy?

Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy that takes advantage of the temperature difference between the air outside and deep underground. Underground temperatures are more stable than above ground. This effect is exaggerated the deeper you go, with underground temperature stabilizing at about 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) 30 feet under the ground all year. Moving heat from the ground in the winter and to the ground in the summer can dramatically reduce the energy required to meet a building’s heating and cooling needs year-round.

Significant progress has been made in over the last decade in reducing electricity use in buildings and installing renewable sources of electricity such as on-site solar, but the same has not been true of building heating and cooling systems which typically center on oil or natural gas fired boilers. RENEW Energy Partners can fund installation of geothermal heat pumps as an energy-saving retrofit and as a part of new construction, and thereby reduce reliance on fossil fuels on site, reduce energy costs, and reduce a building’s carbon footprint.

What are geothermal energy heat pumps?

Just as an air-source heat pump moves heat through the air from the inside to the outside in summer and from the outside to the inside in winter, a ground-source heat pump uses the heat from the Earth instead of the air. Because the temperature underground is a constant 50F, fluctuating much less than air temperatures, geothermal heat pumps can more efficiently heat and cool buildings than their air-source counterparts.

In colder climates, it is common to incorporate an electric heat source to provide supplementary or backup capacity. Heat pumps can be more environmentally friendly since they do not burn fossil fuels like oil or gas furnaces. Because these systems utilize that constant 50F heat from the earth they may also consume less energy than boilers or furnaces to provide the same heat, lowering a building’s energy cost.

Water Source Geothermal Heat Pumps (WSHP)

While ground-sourced heat pumps are what most people think of when they think of geothermal, water-source geothermal heat pumps are equally useful. They use bodies of water as a heat sink or source. This is often groundwater beneath the earth’s crust but can also be from a nearby body of water.

Types of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems:

Ground Loop Systems

Geothermal heating and cooling systems can be categorized into two types: open loop and closed loop. Open loop systems interact directly with the water source, whereas closed loop systems interface with the water source via a loop of coils of plastic tubing connecting in and out of the building. While closed loop systems tend to be the most common, the system choice depends on factors such as climate, soil conditions, available land, and installation costs. All buildings can utilize these systems, but they are especially cost effective when performing large retrofits for commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings.

Open Loop Systems

Open loop systems in geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems use well or surface body water as the heat exchange fluid. The water circulates directly through the GHP system and then returns to the ground through a well, recharge well, or surface discharge.

Closed Loop Systems

Closed-loop geothermal heat pump systems, commonly used in geothermal heating and cooling, circulate an antifreeze solution through an internal plastic tubing circuit buried in the ground or submerged in water. The heat exchanger plays a vital role in transferring heat between the refrigerant in the heat pump and the antifreeze solution. Another type of closed-loop system called direct exchange, uses copper tubing buried in the ground without a heat exchanger. The three types of closed loop systems are horizontal, vertical, and pond/lake.

Horizontal Systems

The horizontal loop system is the most cost-effective installation for geothermal systems, particularly in residential settings. The most common layouts involve using two pipes buried at different depths or side-by-side in a trench. This requires a shallower dig but requires more land relative to its capacity.

Vertical Systems

Large commercial buildings and schools often have land as a constraint. Vertical systems help bypass these limitations by using shallow soil while minimizing disruption to existing landscaping. Dig costs can be significantly higher than a horizontal system.

Pond/Lake Systems

These systems could be the most affordable option if a system has access to a body of water. A supply line pipe is run underground from the building to the water and coiled into circles at least eight feet under the surface to prevent freezing. The coils should only be placed in a water source that meets minimum volume, depth, and quality requirements.

Hybrid Systems

Hybrid systems combine different geothermal resources or a geothermal resource with outdoor air (such as a cooling tower). They are a viable technological option for meeting cooling needs greater than heating needs.

How can the use of Geothermal Heat Pumps reduce carbon emissions?

Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) can significantly reduce carbon emissions by utilizing the Earth’s natural heat. Specifically:

High Efficiency

Efficiency is a major strength of geothermal systems. These systems transfer heat between the building and the ground, which requires less energy than traditional HVAC systems. This increased efficiency leads to reduced energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions. For more information on HVAC upgrades using heat pumps, see our blog post on the future of HVAC retrofits.

Renewable Energy Source

Geothermal heat pumps provide a renewable energy source for heating and cooling systems. Unlike fossil fuel-based systems, these pumps extract heat from the Earth’s core, continuously generating heat through natural processes. This ensures a consistent and sustainable energy supply for the heat pump.

Lower Electricity Demand

Since geothermal heat pumps require less energy to operate than conventional HVAC systems, they can help reduce the overall electricity demand of a building. Lower electricity consumption means fewer emissions from power plants, especially if the electricity is generated from fossil fuels.

No Combustion Emissions

Geothermal heat pumps do not burn any fuel to produce heat. Instead, they use electricity to facilitate heat transfer. This absence of combustion emissions eliminates the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful pollutants associated with traditional heating systems, such as gas or oil furnaces.

Heat Recovery

Geothermal exchange systems can recover waste heat from cooling processes and utilize it for other purposes, such as water heating. This improves their energy efficiency and reduces their reliance on additional energy sources.

Long Lifespan

Geothermal heat pumps generally have a longer lifespan than traditional HVAC systems. Their underground components can last for decades in areas that aren’t tectonically active, reducing the need for frequent replacements and associated manufacturing emissions.

Grid Independence

In some cases, geothermal heat pumps can be used in off-grid or remote locations where connecting to a centralized power grid might be difficult or environmentally damaging. They can mitigate the environmental impact of extending power infrastructure to these areas by operating independently.

What are the financial benefits of using geothermal energy for building owners?

Reduced Energy Costs

Geothermal heat pumps are energy-efficient and can greatly reduce the energy used for heating and cooling. Building owners implementing this energy retrofit can expect to see savings in energy costs, with noticeable results within a few years. The exact amount of savings will vary depending on factors such as the size and location of the building, as well as energy prices. However, it is common for building owners to experience significant reductions in utility bills.

Enhanced Property Value

Retrofitting commercial buildings to implement geothermal energy heat pumps may increase property value and market appeal. Energy-efficient and sustainable features can attract potential buyers or tenants, creating a competitive advantage in the real estate market.

Access to Incentives and Tax Benefits

Many governments and local authorities offer incentives and tax benefits to encourage the adoption of renewable energy for building decarbonization, including geothermal. Building owners may be eligible for grants, tax credits, or other financial incentives to offset the initial installation costs and improve the financial viability of the geothermal energy project. For instance, the Department of Energy has announced $13 Million to support geothermal heating and cooling in communities.

Positive Public Image

Renewable energy technologies like geothermal can enhance a building owner’s reputation and brand image. Demonstrating a commitment to sustainability and environmentally responsible practices can resonate positively with customers, stakeholders, and the broader community.

No matter how you decide to implement energy efficiency measures in your building, these kinds of projects require funding. To fund an energy efficiency project for your building(s), RENEW Energy Partners offers an energy service agreement (ESA). The Energy Service Agreement:

It may be treated as an off-balance sheet transaction. In that case, you do not own or carry the asset on your balance sheet (consult your tax advisor to evaluate your options).
RENEW provides preventive and corrective maintenance in the service agreement.
Your payment to RENEW will be based on the energy savings confirmed once the system is operational.

The RENEW Energy Service Agreement allows businesses to focus on what they do best while ensuring that their facilities are performing at their peak with brand-new and high-efficiency equipment. In this current climate of cost control and resource allocation, the energy service agreement is the perfect solution to help businesses meet sustainability goals and keep facilities in top condition. Reach out to RENEW and talk to us about financing your energy-saving retrofits today.

Sources: DOE

Thermal energy storage can help you save money and energy by storing heat energy for later use.

How Thermal Energy Storage Helps Save Money and Energy

June 22, 2023/in From the Blog /by renew

RENEW Energy Partners specializes in funding energy saving retrofits for your commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. There are many different technologies we install to make your buildings more efficient and reduce your energy bill. One strategy for significant savings is retrofitting your buildings to house thermal energy storage.

Introduction

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a technology that allows for the capture and release of heat energy. This is used to regulate temperature in a space, or to store energy for future use.

There are many benefits to using thermal energy systems. It helps you save money on your energy bill, and it also helps conserve energy. In some cases, this storage system is used to generate electricity.

If you are looking for a way to save money and conserve energy, then an energy saving retrofit using thermal energy may be the right solution for you.

What is Thermal Energy Storage?

Thermal energy storage is simply the process of capturing and storing heat energy. This is accomplished by having materials absorb and store heat, and then releasing or converting it when needed. This thermal energy is stored in some surprising materials, including water, salt, sand, rocks, and specialized phase-change materials.

One of the most common ways to use Thermal Energy Storage is in a cooling system, where the captured and stored heat is used to reduce the temperature of a space. This method eliminates excess heating or cooling needs due to sudden changes in temperature.

Thermal energy storage is an effective way of conserving energy, as it stores more energy than any other method available. It is often cheaper than using traditional energy sources, such as electricity, which result in major energy cost reductions for businesses.

The Benefits of Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal Energy Storage offers a variety of benefits to individuals, businesses, and governments.

Cost Savings – Thermal energy storage allows for significant energy cost savings over traditional sources of energy. When utilizing the heat energy stored, there is minimal energy waste, leading to higher efficiency of energy use.
Increased Energy Security – Stored thermal energy is frequently used during times of peak demand and unpredictability in the energy market, creating a buffer against supply disruptions.
Reduced Environmental Impact – The use of thermal energy leads to reduced emissions since the stored energy replaces energy that needs to be generated with fossil fuels.
Reliable Security – Thermal energy storage is a secure source of energy and is more reliable than other energy sources due to its significant storage capacity. This means that thermal energy can be stored for long periods of time and deployed when needed.

How Does It Storage Work?

Thermal energy storage works by storing heat energy in a medium such as molten salt, ice, or water. When stored in this way, heat energy can be used whenever it is needed.

The process of storing thermal energy is simple. Heat energy is collected from a source such as a solar panel or as waste heat from an industrial process and stored in a medium. This stored heat energy is then used to heat buildings, generate electricity, and other applications.

For example, solar energy is collected during the day and stored in large tanks of water. This energy is then used to heat buildings at night, helping reduce energy costs and emissions.

In other applications, stored heat energy is used to generate electricity. This is done by converting the stored heat energy into mechanical energy, for example by spinning a turbine that generates electricity.

Types of Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal energy storage is used in a variety of applications and comes in different forms, depending on the type of energy storage system implemented:

Latent Heat Storage – This type of storage involves storing heat energy in a phase-change material such as wax or salt. The phase transformation of the material allows large amounts of heat to be stored or released at a relatively low temperature.
Sensible Heat Storage – Involves the storing of heat energy in a substance like rocks or water. The stored energy causes a rise in temperature, which can then be utilized for various purposes.
Cryogenic Gas Storage – By using liquified gases such as hydrogen or methane, this type of storage is very space efficient, allowing for the storage of high amounts of energy in a small space.
Molten Salt Storage – Salt has a very high heat capacity, and can store and release large amounts of energy, making molten salt storage one of the most popular forms of thermal energy storage at a grid scale. Each type of thermal energy storage has its own advantages and disadvantages and should be chosen based on the specific application.

Economic Incentives for Commercial Thermal Energy Storage

To help businesses utilize these systems, many governments have introduced economic incentives. These can be in the form of subsidies, tax credits, and other incentives to help businesses offset the upfront costs of implementing a thermal energy storage system.

In some cases, businesses and building owners may qualify for low-interest financing programs or other loan programs to help them purchase and install thermal energy storage systems. These programs vary depending on the location and are very effective for businesses to adopt thermal energy systems.

In addition, local regulators usually have specific regulations for installing a thermal energy storage system. Knowing the laws of your state will help you plan and install the system in a responsible way.

RENEW Energy Partners is a long-term decarbonization partner with experience guiding building owners through technology and emissions regulations, identifying and utilizing the best technology and corresponding tax credits for each job, and funding and managing carbon-saving projects from start to finish.

The Future of Thermal Energy Storage

There is growing interest and investment in thermal energy storage systems as businesses and governments are recognizing and capitalizing on their potential to save money and conserve energy.

In the future, advances in technology will likely mean better performance from thermal energy systems at lower prices. This will make them an increasingly appealing option for businesses and consumers.

In addition, solar energy storage is gaining interest due to the intermittent nature of solar energy production. As interest in these applications continues to grow, there is potential for solar powered thermal energy systems to become an increasingly important part of the energy mix.

Thermal energy storage is an effective way to reduce energy consumption, save money, and increase energy security. With increasing demand for energy and the environment, TES is a great option for businesses, manufacturers, and governments.

No matter how you decide to increase your energy efficiency and decrease your carbon footprint, these kinds of projects require funding. In order to fund an energy efficiency project for your building(s), RENEW Energy Partners offers an energy service agreement (ESA). The Energy Service Agreement:

May be treated as an off-balance sheet transaction. In that case, you do not own the asset or carry it on your balance sheet (consult your tax advisor).

RENEW provides preventive and corrective maintenance in the service agreement.

Your payment to RENEW will be based on the energy savings confirmed once the system is operational.

The RENEW Energy Service Agreement allows businesses to focus on what they do best, while ensuring that their facilities are performing at their peak with brand new, and high-efficiency equipment. In this current climate of cost control and resource allocation, the energy service agreement is the perfect solution to help businesses meet sustainability goals and keep facilities in top condition. Reach out to RENEW and talk to us about financing your energy saving retrofits today.

Exposed beams showing building insulation.

Energy Saving Retrofits: Building Envelope and Insulation

April 13, 2023/in From the Blog /by renew

RENEW Energy Partners specializes in funding energy saving retrofits for your commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. There are many different technologies we can install to make your buildings more efficient and reduce your energy bill. One strategy for significant savings is to upgrade your building envelope and insulation to prevent energy from escaping and being wasted.

Building Envelopment and Insulation

Decarbonizing retrofits typically involve multiple aspects of a building’s systems, such as HVAC, lighting, and water usage. However, the building’s envelope and insulation are often the first place to start, as it can have a significant impact on a building’s energy use and GHG emissions. Upgrading HVAC and other mechanical upgrades are certainly important, but if you have a drafty building, even the most efficient heating and cooling systems will not be effective.

Insulation:

Insulation has to do with preventing heat flow through building perimeters. A building envelope keeps conditioned air inside the building. Together, they help keep buildings cool in warmer months and warm in cooler months.

Additionally, piping that carries hot water, steam, or chilled water to heating and cooling appliances needs to be insulated, and over time that insulation can break down and need replacement. Uninsulated hot water or steam pipes will lose heat constantly, leading to poor efficiency. Uninsulated chilled water piping has the same problem but can also cause condensation and lead to property damage.

When considering insulation options for decarbonizing retrofits, it’s important to consider the R-value, or thermal resistance, of the material. The higher the R-value, or the more heat resistant the insulation material, the better the insulation will perform.

Insulation plays a major role in the energy efficiency of a building. It can help keep the indoor temperature stable, reducing the need for heating and cooling systems. When selecting insulation materials for a retrofit project, there are several factors to consider, including budget, effectiveness, and environmental impact. Some common insulation materials include fiberglass, cellulose, and spray foam, but not all insulation materials are created equal.

Spray foam for example, is not always the best product. Its main advantage is that industrial applications are fast to apply in new build construction, so it’s generally cheaper. A more common retrofit technique is a siding replacement project, foam board (polystyrene) is added to the outside surface of a building, followed by a layer of “house wrap” vapor barrier, then new siding. Generally, you remove the existing siding first, but that depends on the existing construction method.

Building Envelopment:

The building envelope itself is made up of the walls, roof, windows, doors, and other exterior components of a building. It serves as a barrier between the interior and exterior of the building, protecting the occupants from the elements and providing thermal insulation. When a building is properly insulated and sealed, it can significantly reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions.

In addition to insulation, other aspects of the building envelope that can contribute to decarbonizing retrofits include windows and doors, roofing, and air sealing. Upgrading to high-performance windows and doors can also reduce heat transfer, while reflective roofing can minimize the amount of heat absorbed by a building. Proper air sealing can also help to prevent drafts and minimize energy loss.

Lastly, there are building management technologies on the market that focus on monitoring building envelope. Once installed, any air leaks can be detected easily and in real time, strengthening the building envelope and reducing maintenance costs.

Conclusion

Building Envelope and Insulation are often referred to in the energy industry as a building’s “lungs.” If there are holes in the lungs, then any air that is pumped into them has the possibility of leaking out. Any energy saving retrofits applied to HVAC systems will have minimal effect if a building is not well enveloped and insulated.

Updating a building’s envelope and insulation can help customers keep their buildings airtight, keeping the energy they produce within their walls for as long as possible. This helps maintain consistent internal environments and avoids excess energy output to continuously heat and cool indoor spaces.

No matter how you decide to increase your energy efficiency and decrease your carbon footprint, these kinds of projects require funding. In order to fund an energy efficiency project for your building(s), RENEW Energy Partners offers an energy service agreement (ESA). The Energy Service Agreement:

May be treated as an off-balance sheet transaction. In that case, you do not own the asset or carry it on your balance sheet (consult your tax advisor).

RENEW provides preventive and corrective maintenance in the service agreement.

Your payment to RENEW will be based on the energy savings confirmed once the system is operational.

The RENEW Energy Service Agreement allows businesses to focus on what they do best, while ensuring that their facilities are performing at their peak with brand new, and high-efficiency equipment. In this current climate of cost control and resource allocation, the energy service agreement is the perfect solution to help businesses meet sustainability goals and keep facilities in top condition. Reach out to RENEW and talk to us about financing your energy saving retrofits today.

The Future of HVAC Retrofits

February 16, 2023/in From the Blog /by renew

RENEW Energy Partners specializes in funding energy efficiency retrofits for your commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. There are many different technologies we can install to make your buildings more efficient and reduce your energy bill. One strategy for significant savings is to upgrade to your commercial HVAC systems to heat and cool your building more efficiently.

The Future of HVAC Retrofits

For our last two blog posts we have talked about HVAC, its history, current technology, and its important role in energy efficiency retrofits. But beyond the basics, there is newer technology that promises to be the future of HVAC retrofits. This technology shift is often referred to as electrification.

HVAC Electrification:

Electrification, or converting your heating from fossil fuel burning systems to electric, is a common and effective energy efficiency retrofit that will further decarbonize your building and could eliminate your gas, oil, or steam utility bills. Just like the rapid advancement of electric vehicles, there is no point of use emissions. Your buildings environmental impact is now tied to the local utility grid carbon intensity. Combining full building electrification and either on-site or off-site renewables allows buildings to be carbon net-zero.

The two most common HVAC retrofit projects include heat pump and electric boiler installations. Heat pumps in particular are a revolutionary invention because they can address both heating and cooling, sometimes simultaneously, and are always more energy efficient than burning a fossil fuel on site.

What are Heat Pumps?

In simple terms, a heat pump moves heat from a cold place to a warm place. They are powered by electricity and transfer heat using compressors and a refrigerant. In cooler months, this can mean pulling heat from the cold outdoor air and transferring it indoors. In warmer months, they can pull heat out of indoor air to condition a space. In colder climates, a secondary electric heat source can be added for additional or backup capacity. Heat pumps do not burn fossil fuel like an oil or gas furnace does, making them more environmentally friendly. Additionally, because they move heat instead of generating it, heat pumps will only consume between 20% and 50% of the energy input that a boiler or furnace (even an electric one) would need to provide the same amount of heat.

There are a few different types:

Air Source Heat Pumps: Air source heat pumps absorb heat directly from the air. They are not as effective in cold weather, as there is a minimum air temperature at which they can operate (depending on the refrigerant used). Air source heat pumps generally work best in mild climates or during the “shoulder season” – temperatures between 5 and 25 degrees Celsius (between 41 and 77 degrees Fahrenheit), though some can operate below freezing at a reduced capacity.
Ground Source Heat Pumps: These heat pumps absorb heat from the ground. In cold weather, ground source heat pumps are more effective than air source heat pumps, because the ground retains heat through the winter. In most cases, the ground temperature will stay above 5 degrees Celsius (41 degrees Fahrenheit) allowing for year-round operation. This can also be called a geothermal heat pump.
Water Source Heat Pumps: In addition to pulling heat directly from the air and ground, heat can be conducted via water from almost any other heat source. Water can contain more heat than air can (think about a cast iron pan cooling in the air vs being doused with cool water), which is why many buildings already distribute heat with water. By integrating with the existing building infrastructure, these heat pumps can make use of energy that may currently be going to waste, such as the heat rejected from refrigeration or a data center. In this case, the name can be confusing because “water source” is misleading – the water is the medium but not the ultimate “source” like air or ground are for the other examples above. A water source heat pump is a general term for a heat pump that uses any other heat source as an input, conducted to it via water piping. There are also true “water source” heat pumps that can pull heat from a lake or river, but they’re uncommon. Four-pipe heat pumps can heat and cool, but not simultaneously. Six-pipe heat pumps (and some specialized “heat recovery style” four-pipe systems) can heat and cool at the same time, which is ideal for buildings that require heated office space as well as significant amounts of freezer storage. Read more about water saving retrofits here.

What are the Electric Boiler Options?

Electric Boilers: Electric heaters are powered by electricity, whether from the electric grid or stored in batteries. Typically, electric boilers can transfer 100% of their provided electrical energy into heat, though there are slight losses in the electric and heat distributions. They are safe, energy efficient and affordable. Cons include that they are affected by power outages.
Electric Infrared Heaters: An infrared heater is typically more efficient than a standard electric boiler, as there are fewer losses in distribution. 100% of the energy produced can be kept in the conditioned space. An infrared heater also has more power options. They can be powered by electricity, but also by propane and natural gas (which would bring up the carbon footprint and is not recommended for an energy efficiency retrofit).

Conclusion

To summarize, when contemplating an energy efficiency retrofit project, implementing HVAC retrofits to your systems is a crucial way to decarbonize and save money. While you can update more traditional fossil-fuel-powered heating and cooling modules to be more energy efficient, the most progressive update you can make is to electrify your HVAC. This will lower your bills, decarbonize your building, and will benefit the health of all employees. It will also clearly position you and your company as a leader in carbon reduction.

No matter how you decide to increase your energy efficiency and decrease your carbon footprint, these kinds of project require funding. In order to fund an energy efficiency project for your building(s), RENEW Energy Partners offers an energy service agreement (ESA). The Energy Service Agreement:

Can be treated as an off-balance sheet transaction. You do not own the asset or carry it on your balance sheet. (Renew does not provide accounting advice. Our customers consult their own accounting teams on accounting treatment).
RENEW provides preventive and corrective maintenance in the service agreement.
Your payment to RENEW will be based on the energy savings confirmed once the system is operational.

Unlike a lease or a loan, which are on balance sheet, do not include maintenance, and may or may not deliver energy savings, the service agreement provides all of the above and then some:

Executing a service agreement is fast – once the project is scoped by an energy professional (and we can recommend one), you execute a simple service agreement contract and RENEW will fund the project.
Executing a service agreement frees up your capital budget for your other priorities, allowing you to focus on growing your core business.
Executing a service agreement now means your net cash flows are higher than waiting and doing it yourself in a year.
And finally – executing a service agreement means flexibility. Perhaps you buy another building or look at additional efficiency measures–with a one-page addendum to your existing ESA you can have those new lights, HVAC, and controls at your new building, and you simultaneously reduce your operating expense!

The RENEW Energy Service Agreement allows businesses to focus on what they do best, while ensuring that their facilities are performing at their peak with brand new, and high-efficiency equipment. In this current climate of cost control and resource allocation, the energy service agreement is the perfect solution to help businesses meet sustainability goals and keep facilities in top condition. Reach out to RENEW and talk to us about financing your energy saving retrofits today.

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Posts

What is geothermal energy?

What are geothermal energy heat pumps?

Types of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems:

How can the use of Geothermal Heat Pumps reduce carbon emissions?

What are the financial benefits of using geothermal energy for building owners?

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Introduction

What is Thermal Energy Storage?

The Benefits of Thermal Energy Storage

How Does It Storage Work?

Types of Thermal Energy Storage

Economic Incentives for Commercial Thermal Energy Storage

The Future of Thermal Energy Storage

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